Fullerene Based Sensor and Biosensor Technologies

Sensor and biosensor technologies have shown rapid progress in recent years. These technologies use nanomaterials that have an important place in immobilization materials for recognition analyte molecules. Although fullerenes among these materials have attracted much attention in recent years, their number of studies is less than other carbon-based nanomaterials. Thanks to its completely closed structure and at least 30 double bonds, it can be modified from 30 points, which provides a great advantage. At these points, thanks to the ability to modify amine, thiol, carboxyl or metallic groups, modification residues can be created for all kinds of immobilization. According to the zero-dimensional nanomaterial class, fullerenes provide an extremely large surface area. Therefore, it provides more biological or non-biological recognition receptors immobilized on this surface area. Moreover, increasing the surface area with more recognition agent also increases the sensitivity. This is the most important parameter of sensor technologies, which is provided by fullerenes. In this book chapter, the development of fullerene-modified sensor and biosensor technologies are explained with examples, and fullerene modifications are given in figures as fullerene derivatives. Contribution was made in the method development stage by giving comparison of fullerene type sensor and biosensor systems

Molecularly Imprinted Sensors — New Sensing Technologies

In this chapter we discus molecular imprinting technology (MIT), molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs), and their compatibility on a proper transducer to construct a sensing system. Molecularly imprinted sensors (MISens), in other words, artificial receptor-based sensors synthesized in the presence of the target molecule, are capable of sensing target molecules by using their specific cavities and are compatible with the target molecule. This MIP technology is a viable alternative of artificial receptor technology, and the sensor technology is capable of detecting any kind of molecule without pre-analytic preparations. In this chapter, you can find examples, sensor construction techniques and fundamentals of MIP and sensor combinations to look forward in your studies. For sensor technology, we explained and discussed the new sensing technologies of MIP-based electrochemical, optical (especially surface plasmon resonance, SPR), and piezoelectric techniques. Therefore, this chapter presents a short guideline of MISens

Nucleic Acids for Electrochemical Biosensor Technology

Biosensor technology has developed extremely rapidly in recent years. This technology brings along precise measurements as well as specific measurements. Thanks to its ability to be miniaturized and be easily accessible to the end user, it is one-step ahead of other similar methods. The selectivity of biological molecules and the sensitivity of electrochemical methods enable the continuous evolvement of these new technologies. In this chapter, the use of nucleic acids as both recognition agents and target molecules, the way they are used in biosensor technology and their electrical properties are explained in detail with examples. Aptamers, which are synthetic nucleic acids, and their use in electrochemical biosensor systems with different electrochemical and immobilization methods have been compared extensively

Elektrokimyasal algılamada fulleren türevlerinin ve pirol bazlı kompozitlerin karakterizasyonu

Fullerenes are carbon-derived nanomaterials with a spherical and 0-D structure.They have a large surface area because of their spherical structure. Since thelarge surface area increases the sensitivity of the system, the use offullerenes in sensor systems has increased in recent years. Surface formationby electropolymerization of conductive monomers on the electrode surface isquite common in sensor fabrication. Pyrrole (PPy) is one of the most commonlyused of these monomers. In this study, the effect of fullerene and itsderivatives on pyrrole polymerization was investigated using a goldnanoparticle screen printed electrode. Fullerene, polyhydroxylated fullereneand carboxy fullerene were selected derivatives. All of them were added to thepolymerization solution separately and the resulting surface were characterizedX-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).The conductivity change of the formed structures was investigated byelectrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Electropolymerization was carriedout by cyclic voltammetry (CV) method.CV parameters for the PPyelectropolymerization were determined as 0.1 and +0.5 V potential range with 50mV/s scan rate for 5 cycles in 100mM H2SO4. SEM analysiswas performed to monitor the surface morphology of the electrodes. For SEManalysis, the electrodes were coated with a thin gold layer for betteranalysis. For this, an ion coater device was used. SEM analysis was performedunder high vacuum using an application voltage of 20 kV. The appropriate spotsize for the desired magnifications was determined as 12. XPS analysis wasperformed to determine the electrode element composition and surface chemistry.A Monochromatic Al-Kα (1486.7 eV) X-ray source and a beam size of 400 nm indiameter were used for the XPS measurement. The survey scan of the XPS wascarried out from −10 to 1350&nbsp;eV with a scanning speed of 1&nbsp;eVapplying pass energy of 150&nbsp;eV.&nbsp;</p

TAU PROTEİNİN TAYİNİ İÇİN MOLEKÜLER BASKILAMA TEMELLİ SENSÖR SİSTEMİ GELİŞTİRİLMESİ

Amaç:Ananöral MAP (mikrotübül ilişkili protein) olarak bilinen, hücresel iletimde yeralan mikrotübüllerin stabilize edilmesine katkıda bulunan ve disfonksiyonu esasolarak özellikle Alzheimer hastalığı (AH) gibi nörodejeneratif hastalıklarlailişkili olduğu bildirilen tau proteininin duyarlı, hızlı ve ekonomik tayiniiçin moleküler baskılanmış polimer teknolojisinin kullanıldığı elektrokimyasalimpedans spektroskopisi temelli bir sensör sistemi geliştirilmesihedeflenmiştir.Gereçve Yöntem: Tau proteini tayini için screen printed elektrot(SPE) kullanılarak elektrokimyasal sensör sistemi hazırlanmıştır. Bunun içinmonomer olarak pirol seçilmiş ve polihidroksile fullerene nanomateryal olarakkullanılarak elektropolimerizasyon yöntemi ile Tau proteinine spesifik birsensör tasarlanmıştır. Polimerizasyon ve yüzey incelenmesi için Siklikvoltametri (CV), yüzey incelenmesi ve kantitatif olarak Tau tayini içinelektrokimyasal impedans spektroskopisi (EIS) yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Kalıpuzaklaştırma işlemi 100mM HCl içerisinde 30 dakika süre ile yapılmıştır. Monomer,nanomateryal ve kalıp miktarının optimizasyonu gerçekleştirildikten sonrasensörün seçicilik çalışmaları nörodejeneratif hastalıkların tanısın dakullanılan diğer bir biyomarker olan β-amyloid 42 proteini ile yapılmıştır. Ayrıcahedef molekül Tau olmadan hazırlanan non imprinted (NIP) sensör ile sisteminçalışırlığı gösterilmiştir. Sensör yüzeyinin karakterizasyonu için SEM ve XPS cihazlarıkullanılmıştır.Bulgular:MIPsensörün Tau proteinine verdiği yanıt kronoimpedans yöntemi ile izlenmiş vecevap zamanı 200 saniye olarak bulunmuştur. Baskılanmamış sensör (NIP),polimerizasyon çözeltisine Tau eklenmeden hazırlanmıştır. MIP ve NIP sensörkronoimpedans sonuçları karşılaştırıldığında, NIP sensörün Tau proteinine yanıtvermediği görülmüştür. Sensörün, Tau proteinine β-amyloid 42’ten daha seçici yanıtverdiği görülmüştür.Objectives:The tau protein, contributes tostabilizing microtubules involved in cellular transmission. Its dysfunction hasbeen reported to be mainly associated with neurodegenerative diseases such asAlzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, it is aimed to develop a sensor systembased on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) using molecular imprintedpolymer technology for the sensitive, fast and economical determination of Tauprotein.Materialand Methods: For the determination of tau protein, anelectrochemical sensor system was prepared using a screen printed electrode(SPE). For this, pyrrole was chosen as the monomer and a specific sensor forTau protein was designed by using polyhydroxylated fullerene as nanomaterial byelectropolymerization method. Template removal was carried out in 100mM HCl.After the optimization of the sensor, the selectivity studies were carried outwith β-amyloid 42 protein. In addition, the operability of the system wasdemonstrated with a non-imprinted (NIP) sensor prepared without target moleculeTau. SEM and XPS devices were used for the characterization.Results:Theresponse of the MIP sensor to Tau protein was monitored by the chronoimpedanceand the response time was found to be 200 seconds. The non-imprinted sensor(NIP) was prepared without adding Tau to the polymerization solution. When theMIP and NIP sensor chronoimpedance results were compared, it was seen that theNIP sensor did not respond to Tau protein. The sensor is more selective for Tauprotein than β-amyloid 42.Conclusions:A selective, sensitive and shortresponse time sensor system was prepared for the determination of tau protein. KeyWords: Tau protein, Molecularly imprinted polymer,Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Sensor</p